Re: Systems software versus applications software definitions

From: Joe Wright (joewwright_at_comcast.net)
Date: 11/28/04

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    Date: Sun, 28 Nov 2004 11:37:12 -0500

    glen herrmannsfeldt wrote:
    >
    >>> Here in comp.lang.c,
    >>> Juhan Leemet <juhan@logicognosis.com> spake unto us, saying:
    >
    >
    >>>> p.s. hated octal, esp. on 8-bit byte machines like PDP-11 ! or VAX ?!?
    >
    >
    > The VAX was DEC's first hex machine. There was a story that
    > around the time of the announcement they published a
    > calendar with the dates in hex. The Fortran compiler supported
    > hex constants and format codes. The instruction fields were
    > in groups of four bits, unlike the PDP-11 where the instruction
    > fields, especially register numbers, grouped in threes.
    >
    > (Though I still prefer hex for the PDP-11.)
    >
    > -- glen
    >

    Octal (0..7) came about because of a need to 'say' binary. In the
    day, the 'character' was six bits wide, all upper case and 'A' was
    something like '100001' if I recall correctly. Split into groups of
    3 we get '100' and '001'. Everybody could keep that much binary in
    their heads and could 'see' four and one.

    If asked the value of 'A' it was a blessing to say 'four one' rather
    than 'one zero zero zero zero one'.

    Then in the 1960's everything changed. Fairchild Semiconductor
    invented the Integrated Circuit, the IC. They could now put hundreds
    of transistors on one piece of silicon. The whole idea of designing
    circuits from individual transisters died an almost instant death.

    The new IC's were virtually circuit boards on a chip. In 1963 IBM's
    new 7094 CPU was nearly the size of a city bus, required tons of air
    conditioning, had 36-bit memory word, 6-bit character, 7-channel
    magnetic tape, fixed record size 80 characters per record (punched
    card). Perhaps the youngest (last) dinosaur.

    IBM at the same time had embraced the IC and in 1964 introduced
    their System 360 which was the first machine to this generation. The
    old six-bit character (BCD) was severely limiting and 7-bit ASCII
    was nipping at their heels. Digital Equipment, Data General, Pr1me,
    etc. were giving them hell with ASCII. Hence in an attempted leap
    forward, IBM uses IC's. The IC designers think 2, 4, 8 and don't
    know what to do with 3 or 6.

    So the new character is 8 bits and becomes Extended BCD Interchange
    Code (EBCDIC). New terms, byte (the 8-bit thingy) nybble (half a
    byte) were current in 1964. I'm not sure IBM did this.

    The IC counters were 4-bits wide, not 3. The modulus was 16, not 8
    and Octal died. Hexadecimal is born. Simply add six alpha characters
    to the ten decimal ones and we have '0123456789ABCDEF' for our set. 

    -- 
Joe Wright                            mailto:joewwright@comcast.net
"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."
                     --- Albert Einstein ---
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