Seeking URL code for this functionality

I know how to make a shortcut where I can type the URL in myself. I
know some support stuff, some HTML, etc.

You know how when you go to some URLs there is a string at the end of
the URL that tells the browser to put certain information in a field
for you?

What I want to do is simply be able to create a shortcut that goes to
my library's login page and then automatically puts my library card
number in the logon field so all I have to do is click the logon
button.

Can someone give me an example using say, domain.com and 112345678 as
a sample library card number? A link to the information would also
work. I want to do more of this kind of "programming" (I know; it's
not really programming).

What's this kind of programming called anyway?

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