Java Network Programming FAQ

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Date: 28 Jun 2004 18:43:58 GMT

Archive-name: computer-lang/java/network-programming
Posting-Frequency: monthly
Last-modified: May 2, 1999
Copyright: Copyright 1998-2000 David Reilly. All Rights Reserved.
Maintainer: David Reilly (dodo@fan.net.au)
URL: http://www.davidreilly.com/java/java_network_programming/

Java Network Programming FAQ.
Copyright 1998, 1999 David Reilly. All Rights Reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------

Last modification date : May 2, 1999

This document contains the answers to commonly asked network
programming questions posed by Java developers. Copies of
this document mirrored at other sites may be out of date,
please ensure that you're looking at a current version. The
latest version of this document can be found at
http://www.davidreilly.com/java/java_network_programming/

------------------------------------------------------------

Table of contents

Overview
  Legal
  Comments
  Books
  Websites

Basic programming questions

  1. Socket Questions

  1.1 Should I use ServerSocket or DatagramSocket in my
      applications?
  1.2 How do I get the IP address of a machine from its
      hostname?
  1.3 How do I perform a hostname lookup for an IP address?
  1.4 How can I find out who is accessing my server?
  1.5 How can I find out the current IP address for my
      machine?
  1.6 Why can't my applet connect via sockets, or bind to a
      local port?
  1.7 What are socket options, and why should I use them?
  1.8 When my client connects to my server, why does no data
      come out?
  1.9 What is the cause of a NoRouteToHost exception?

  2. HTTP Questions

  2.1 How do I display a particular web page from an applet?
  2.2 How do I display more than one page from an applet?
  2.3 How can I fetch files using HTTP?
  2.4 How do I use a proxy server for HTTP requests?
  2.5 What is a malformed URL, and why is it exceptional?
  2.6 How do I URL encode the parameters of a CGI script?
  2.7 Why is a security exception thrown when using java.net.URL or
      java.net.URLConnection from an applet?
  2.8 How do I prevent caching of HTTP requests?

Advanced programming questions

  3. Advanced networking concepts

  3.1 How do I handle timeouts in my networking
      applications?
  3.2 How do I control the amount of time a socket will
      linger before resetting?
  3.3 What does the java.net.Socket.setTcpNoDelay method do,
      and what is Nagle's algorithm?
  3.4 How do I implement a (FTP/HTTP/Telnet/Finger/SMTP/POP
      /IMAP/..../) client/server?
  3.5 How do I implement PING in Java?
  3.6 How can I send/receive email from Java?

  4. Remote method invocation

  4.1 What is remote method invocation?
  4.2 When should I use remote method invocation?
  4.3 Why can't I access RMI from C++?
  4.4 Why won't my RMI implementation compile under JDK1.1?
  4.5 Why won't my RMI implementation run under Java 2?

  5. Common Object Request Broker Architecture

  5.1 What is CORBA?
  5.2 When should I use CORBA?
  5.3 What support does Java have for CORBA?
  5.4 How do I start the CORBA nameservice for Java 2?

  6. Servlets

  6.1 What are Java Servlets?
  6.2 What do I need to develop servlets?
  6.3 Where can I get more information on servlets?
  6.4 How does servlet performance compare to applets?
  6.5 How does servlet performance compare to CGI?
  6.6 Should I use single-threaded, or multi-threaded
      servlets?
  6.7 How do I send cookies from a servlet?
  6.8 How do I read browser cookies from a servlet?
  6.9 How do I make cookies expire after a set time period?
  6.10 Why aren't cookies stored by my servlets accessible
       to my CGI scripts or ASP pages?
  6.11 How can I void a cookie, and delete it from the
       browser?
  
------------------------------------------------------------

Overview

This document contains the answers to commonly asked network
programming questions posed by Java developers. If you have
a question not addressed by this document, feel free to ask.
My email is jnpfaq@davidreilly.com.

Legal

This document is Copyright 1998, David Reilly. All Rights are
Reserved. No unauthorized mirroring or archiving of this FAQ
is permitted, other than for personal use such as offline
reading. Print distribution, or distribution on CD-ROM,
WWW sites (personal or commercial), or other electronic
distribution is strictly prohibited without prior permission.
For redistribution rights, contact jnpfaq@davidreilly.com.

This FAQ is no way connected with two books (published by
Manning & O'Reilly) by the same name. Java is a trademark of
Sun Microsystems, and this document is no no way connected
with Sun Microsystems.

Comments

This document is by no means complete, though hopefully it is
error free :-). Anyone wishing to submit a question, or provide
comments, can send email to jnpfaq@davidreilly.com

Books

Most good Java books contain at least one chapter of
information on networking topics. However, for the network
programmer, this is invariably not enough information! A trip
to your local bookstore or library should turn up a few books
on the topic. If not, the following resources might help you.

Java Network Programming
Author : Hughes, et al
ISBN   : 188477749X

This book is one of the best books to begin network programming
in Java with. Not to be confused with an O'Reilly book of the
same name, Java Network Programming covers a wide range of topics,
from datagrams to sockets, from message streams and encryption to
remote method invocation (RMI), CORBA, Java servlets, and a heavy
dose of cryptography and security. Packed full of code, this is
the ultimate reference. A second edition of this book, covering
Java Platform 2, has just been released, and is highly
recommended.

[more information]
http://www.davidreilly.com/goto.cgi?isbn=188477749X

Java Network Programming
Author : Elliotte Rusty Harold
ISBN   : 1565922271
O'Reilly & Associates, in 1997 published a book by the name of
"Java Network Programming". This book received favorable reviews
in online stores like Amazon for the first couple of years,
but is now woefully out of date, and not really a good choice.
I've flicked through the title, and it doesn't cover newer
topics like CORBA, new RMI features, or the revised servlet
system development kit. A second edition of this title, bringing
it up to speed, is in order.

[more information]
http://www.davidreilly.com/goto.cgi?isbn=1565922271

The Java Tutorial
Author : Mary Campione and Kathy Walrath
ISBN   : 0201310074
Published by Addison-Wesley, and available on-line from Sun, the
Java Tutorial provides a great introduction to the Java language,
as well as advanced material on both basic networking topics,
and advanced issues, such as RMI/CORBA.

http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/

Websites

The official source of any Java related information is Sun
Microsystem's Java site, located at http://java.sun.com/.
Other recommended sites include the following

Site : Java Coffee Break
URL : http://www.javacoffeebreak.com/

Features many Java networking articles about advanced
networking topics, such as RMI & CORBA, as well as an
introduction to networking tutorial.

Site : Java Networking FAQ
URL : http://www.io.com/~maus/jnetfaq.html
The Java Networking FAQ is an older FAQ, and doesn't
cover many of the newer JDK1.1 networking features.
However, its still a good reference for networking
information.

Site : JavaWorld
URL : http://www.javaworld.com/
JavaWorld is an online magazine, published monthly.
Covers a wide variety of topics, some of which are
networking related.

Site : Jguru
URL : http://www.jguru.com/faq/Networking
Offers a collection of networking FAQs for Java.

------------------------------------------------------------

                 Basic programming questions

1. Socket questions

  1.1 Should I use ServerSocket or DatagramSocket in my
      applications?

  DatagramSocket allows a server to accept UDP packets,
  whereas ServerSocket allows an application to accept TCP
  connections. It depends on the protocol you're trying to
  implement. If you're creating a new protocol, and the
  choice is up to you, here's a few tips :

  DatagramSockets communciate using UDP packets. These
  packets don't guarantee delivery - you'll need to handle
  missing packets in your client/server

  ServerSockets communicate using TCP connections. TCP
  guarantees delivery, so all you need to do is have your
  applications read and write using a socket's InputStream
  and OutputStream.

  1.2 How do I get the IP address of a machine from its hostname?

  The InetAddress class is able to resolve IP addresses for
  you. Obtain an instance of InetAddress for the machine,
  and call the getHostAddress() method, which returns a
  string in the xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx address form.

  InetAddress inet =
  InetAddress.getByName("www.davidreilly.com");
  System.out.println ("IP : " + inet.getHostAddress());

  1.3 How do I perform a hostname lookup for an IP address?
 
  The InetAddress class contains a method that can return the
  domain name of an IP address. You need to obtain an
  InetAddress class, and then call its getHostName() method.
  This will return the hostname for that IP address. Depending
  on the platform, a partial or a fully qualified hostname may
  be returned.

  InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getByName("209.204.220.121");
  System.out.println ("Host: " + inet.getHostName());

  1.4 How can I find out who is accessing my server?

  If you're using a DatagramSocket, every packet that you
  receive will contain the address and port from which it was
  sent.
 
  DatagramPacket packet = null;

  // Receive next packet
  myDatagramSocket.receive ( packet );

  // Print address + port
  System.out.println ("Packet from : " +
   packet.getAddress().getHostAddress() + ':' +
   packet.getPort());

  If you're using a ServerSocket, then every socket connection
  you accept will contain similar information. The Socket class
  has a getInetAddress() and getPort() method which will allow
  you to find the same information.

  Socket mySock = myServerSocket.accept();

  // Print address + port
  System.out.println ("Connection from : " +
   mySock.getInetAddress().getHostAddress() + ':' +
   mySock.getPort());

  1.5 How can I find out the current IP address for my machine?

  The InetAddress has a static method called getLocalHost() which
  will return the current address of the local machine. You can
  then use the getHostAddress() method to get the IP address.

  InetAddress local = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

  // Print address
  System.out.println ("Local IP : " + local.getHostAddress());

  1.6 Why can't my applet connect via sockets, or bind to a local
      port?

  Applets are subject to heavy security constraints when
  executing under the control of a browser. Applets are unable to
  access the local file-system, to bind to local ports, or to
  connect to a computer via sockets other than the computer from
  which the applet is loaded. While it may seem to be an annoyance
  for developers, there are many good reasons why such tight
  constraints are placed on applets. Applets could bind to well
  known ports, and service network clients without authorization
  or consent. Applets executing within firewalls could obtain
  privileged information, and then send it across the network.
  Applets could even be infected by viruses, such as the Java
  StrangeBrew strain. Applets might become infected without an
  applet author's knowledge and then send information back that
  might leave hosts vulnerable to attack.

  Signed applets may be allowed greater freedom by browsers than
  unsigned applets, which could be an option. In cases where an
  applet must be capable of network communication, HTTP can be
  used as a communication mechanism. An applet could communicate
  via java.net.URLConnection with a CGI script, or a Java servlet.
  This has an added advantage - applets that use the URLConnection
  will be able to communicate through a firewall.

  1.7 What are socket options, and why should I use them?

  Socket options give developers greater control over how sockets
  behave. Most socket behavior is controlled by the operating
  system, not Java itself, but as of JDK1.1, you can control
  several socket options, including SO_TIMEOUT, SO_LINGER,
  TCP_NODELAY, SO_RCVBUF and SO_SNDBUF.

  These are advanced options, and many programmers may want to
  ignore them. That's OK, but be aware of their existence for the
  future. You might like to specify a timeout for read operations,
  to control the amount of time a connection will linger for before
  a reset is sent, whether Nagle's algorithm is enabled/disabled, or
  the send and receive buffers for datagram sockets.

  1.8 When my client connects to my server, why does no data
      come out?

  This is a common problem, made more difficult by the fact that
  the fault may lie in either the client, or the server, or both.
  The first step is to try and isolate the cause of the problem,
  by checking whether the server is responding correctly.

  If you're writing a TCP service, then you can telnet to the port
  the server uses, and check to see if it is responding to data. If
  so, then the fault is more than likely in the client, and if not,
  you've found your problem. A debugger can be very helpful in
  tracking down the precise location of server errors. You could
  try jdb, which comes with JDK, or use an IDE's debugger like
  Visual J++ or Borland JBuilder.

  If your fault looks like it is in the client, then it can often
  be caused by buffered I/O. If you're using a buffered stream, or a
  writer (such as PrintWriter), you may need to manually flush the
  data. Otherwise, it will be queued up but not sent, causing both
  client and server to stall. The problem can even be intermittent,
  as the buffer will flush sometimes (when it becomes full) but not
  other times.

  1.9 What is the cause of a NoRouteToHost exception?

  Usually this means that there isn't an active Internet connection
  through which a socket connection may take place, or that there is
  a nasty little firewall in the way. Firewalls are the bane of
  users and developers alike - while useful for security, they make
  legitimate networking software harder to support.

  Your best option is to try using a SOCKS proxy, or to use a
  different protocol, like HTTP. If you still have firewall
  problems, you can manually specify a HTTP proxy server (see
  section 2.4)

  This is a common problem, made more difficult by the fact that
  the fault may lie in either the client, or the server, or both.
  The first step is to try and isolate the cause of the problem, by
  checking whether the server is responding correctly.

2. HTTP Questions

  2.1 How do I display a particular web page from an applet?
 
  An applet can instruct a web browser to load a particular
  page, using the showDocument method of the
  java.applet.AppletContext class. If you want to display a
  web page, you first have to obtain a reference to the
  current applet context.

  The following code snippet shows you how this can be done.
  The show page method is capable of displaying any URL passed
  to it.

  import java.net.*;
  import java.awt.*;
  import java.applet.*;

  public class MyApplet extends Applet
  {
        // Your applet code goes here

        // Show me a page
        public void showPage ( String mypage )
        {
                URL myurl = null;

                // Create a URL object
                try
                {
                        myurl = new URL ( mypage );
                }
                catch (MalformedURLException e)
                {
                        // Invalid URL
                }
                        
                // Show URL
                if (myurl != null)
                {
                        getAppletContext().showDocument (myurl);
                }

        }
  }

  2.2 How do I display more than one page from an applet?

  The showDocument method of the AppletContext interface is
  overloaded - meaning that it can accept more than one
  parameter. It can accept a second parameter, which
  represents the name of the browser window that should
  display a page.

  For example,

    myAppletContext.showDocument (myurl, "frame1")

  will display the document in frame1. If there exists no
  window named frame1, then a brand new window will be
  created.

  2.3 How can I fetch files using HTTP?

  The easiest way to fetch files using HTTP is to use the
  java.net.URL class. The openStream() method will return an
  InputStream instance, from which the file contents can be
  read. For added control, you can use the openConnection()
  method, which will return a URLConnection object.

  Here's a brief example that demonstrates the use of the
  java.net.URL.openStream() method to return the contents of a
  URL specified as a command line parameter.

  import java.net.*;
  import java.io.*;

  public class URLDemo
  {
      public static void main(String args[])
      {
          try
          {
              // Check to see that a command parameter was entered
              if (args.length != 1)
              {
                 // Print message, pause, then exit
                 System.err.println ("Invalid command
                 parameters");
                 System.in.read();
                 System.exit(0);
              }

              // Create an URL instance
              URL url = new URL(args[0]);

              // Get an input stream for reading
              InputStream in = url.openStream();

              // Create a buffered input stream for efficency
              BufferedInputStream bufIn = new
              BufferedInputStream(in);

              // Repeat until end of file
              for (;;)
              {
                  int data = bufIn.read();

                  // Check for EOF
                  if (data == -1)
                      break;
                  else
                      System.out.print ( (char) data);
              }
          }
          catch (MalformedURLException mue)
          {
              System.err.println ("Invalid URL");
          }
          catch (IOException ioe)
          {
              System.err.println ("I/O Error - " + ioe);
          }
      }
  }

  2.4 How do I use a proxy server for HTTP requests?

  When a Java applet under the control of a browser (such
  as Netscape or Internet Explorer) fetches content via a
  URLConnection, it will automatically and transparently
  use the proxy settings of the browser.

  If you're writing an application, however, you'll have
  to manually specify the proxy server settings. You can
  do this when running a Java application, or you can write
  code that will specify proxy settings automatically for
  the user (providing you allow the users to customize the
  settings to suit their proxy servers).

  To specify proxy settings when running an application,
  use the -D parameter :

  jre -DproxySet=true -DproxyHost=myhost
      -DproxyPort=myport MyApp

  Alternately, your application can maintain a configuration
  file, and specify proxy settings before using a
  URLConnection :

  // Modify system properties
  Properties sysProperties = System.getProperties();

  // Specify proxy settings
  sysProperties.put("proxyHost", "myhost");
  sysProperties.put("proxyPort", "myport");
  sysProperties.put("proxySet", "true");

  2.5 What is a malformed URL, and why is it exceptional?

  When you create an instance of the java.net.URL class, its
  constructor can throw a MalformedURLException. This occurs
  when the URL is invalid. When it is thrown, it isn't because
  the host machine is down, or the URL path points to a missing
  file; a malformed URL exception is thrown when the URL
  cannot be correctly parsed.

  Common mistakes include :-
    * leaving out a protocol (eg "www.microsoft.com" instead
      of "http://www.microsoft.com/")
    * specifying an invalid protocol (eg "www://netscape.com")
    * leaving out the ':' character (eg http//www.micrsoft.com/)

  MalformedURLException will not be thrown if :-
    * the host name is invalid (eg
      "www.microsoft-rules-the-world.com")
    * the path is invalid (eg
      "http://www.microsoft.com/company_secrets.htm")

  2.6 How do I URL encode the parameters of a CGI script?

  This is an important question, as many Java applications and
  applets interact with server side applications, servlets, and
  CGI scripts. Let's take a look at how URL encoding works first
  though.

  A URL can be used to invoke a server side application or
  script's GET method. The first part of the URL will be the name
  of the server side script, followed by a question mark '?'
  character. After that will come the name of each parameter,
  and '=' sign to separate name from value, and a '&' character
  to indicate the next parameter. Here's a fictitious example.

     http://www.yourwebhost.com/yourcgi.cgi?name=your%20name&emai
     l=email@email.com

  We can't include spaces or other high/low ASCII values, so the
  space character has been substituted for %20 in this example.
  Java provides a URLEncoder class to do this for us - we need only
  construct the URL and pass it to the URLEncoder. Here's a quick
  code example to demonstrate.

  String encodedURL = "http://www.yourwebhost.com/yourcgi?name=" +
     // encode as value may have spaces or other characters
       URLEncoder.encode("david reilly" );

  System.out.println ("Encoded URL - " + encodedURL);

  2.7 Why is a security exception thrown when using java.net.URL
      or java.net.URLConnection from an applet?

  Web browsers impose security restrictions on applets, which
  prevent applets from establishing network connections to servers
  other than that from which they were loaded. Like socket
  connections, HTTP connections will cause security exceptions to
  be thrown. If you absolutely, positively, have to access other
  hosts (and replacing your applet with a Java servlet is
  impractical), consider using a digitally signed applet.

  2.8 How do I prevent caching of HTTP requests?

  By default, caching will be enabled. You must use a URLConnection,
  rather than the URL.openStream() method, and explicitly specify that
  you do not want to cache the requests. This is achieved by calling
  the URLConnection.setUseCaches(boolean) method with a value of false.

                 Advanced programming questions

3. Advanced networking concepts

  3.1 How do I handle timeouts in my networking applications?

  If your application is written for JDK1.1 or higher, you
  can use socket options to generate a timeout after a read
  operation blocks for a specified length of time. This is
  by far the easiest method of handling timeouts. A call to
  the java.net.Socket.setSoTimeout() method allows you to
  specify the maximum amount of time a Socket I/O operation
  will block before throwing an InterruptedIOException. This
  allows you to trap read timeouts, and handle them correctly.
  For an article on the subject, see
  http://www.javacoffeebreak.com/articles/network_timeouts/.

  If you're trying to handle connection timeouts, or if your
  application must support earlier versions of Java, then
  another option is the use of threads. Multi-threaded
  applications can wait for timeouts, and then perform some
  action (such as resetting a connection or notifying the
  user). However, you as a programmer should avoid writing
  complex multi-threaded code - particularly in your clients.
  There's usually an easy way to encapsulate the complexity
  of multi-threading, and provide a simple non-blocking I/O
  version. An article that demonstrates this technique for
  connect operations is available at
  http://www.javaworld.com/jw-09-1999/jw-09-timeout.html

  3.2 How do I control the amount of time a socket will
      linger before resetting?

  When a socket wishes to terminate a connection it can
  "linger", allowing unsent data to be transmitted, or it
  can "reset" which means that all unsent data will be lost.
  You can explicitly set a delay before a reset is sent,
  giving more time for data to be read, or you can specify a
  delay of zero, meaning a reset will be sent as soon as the
  java.net.Socket.close() method is invoked.

  The socket option SO_LINGER controls whether a connection
  will be aborted, and if so, the linger delay. Use the
  java.net.Socket.setSoLinger method, which accepts as
  parameters a boolean and an int. The boolean flag will
  activate/deactivate the SO_LINGER option, and the int will
  control the delay time.

  3.3 What does the java.net.Socket.setTcpNoDelay method do,
      and what is Nagle's algorithm?

  This method controls the socket option TCP_NODELAY, which
  allows applications to enable or disable Nagle's algorithm.
  Nagle's algorithm (described in RFC 896), conserves
  bandwidth by minimizing the number of segments that are
  sent. When applications wish to decrease network latency
  and increase performance, they can disable Nagle's algorithm.
  Data will be sent earlier, at the cost of an increase in
  bandwidth consumption.

  3.4 How do I implement a (FTP/HTTP/Telnet/Finger/SMTP/
      POP/IMAP/..../) client/server?

  Your first step towards creating such systems will be
  to read the relevant Request For Comments (RFCs) document.
  Not sure which one? There are specific search engines,
  such as http://www.rfc-editor.org/, that will allow you
  to search for the name of a protocol, and to then read
  relevant documents. These RFCs describe the protocol
  you wish to implement.

  3.5 How do I implement PING in Java?

  Java includes support for UDP and TCP sockets. PING
  requires support for the Internet Control Message Protocol
  (ICMP). Your only choice (at the moment), is to use native
  code, or to use java.lang.Runtime to execute an external
  ping application. You won't be able to develop a 100% Pure
  implementation.

  NB - A native implementation that uses the Java Native
  Interface (JNI) is available for PING, in both English and
  Spanish. For more details, see
  http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Bit/5716/ping/

  3.6 How can I send/receive email from Java?

  You can choose to implement Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
  (SMTP), to send email, and either POP or IMAP to receive
  email. However, an easier alternative is to use the
  JavaMail API, which provides a set of classes for mail and
  messaging applications. Royalty-free implementations of the
  API are now available from Sun for SMTP, POP and IMAP - and
  many other mail systems are supported by third-parties. For
  more information, visit the official JavaMail page, at
  http://java.sun.com/products/javamail/
  

4. Remote method invocation

  4.1 What is remote method invocation?

  Remote method invocation (RMI), is a mechanism for
  invoking an object's methods, even though the object is
  executing on a foreign Java Virtual Machine (JVM). RMI is
  similar to remote procedure calls (RPCs), but has an added
  advantage - method signatures can contain Java objects as
  well as primitive data types. Even objects that a foreign
  JVM has never encountered before can be used, so new tasks
  and methods can be passed across a network.

  4.2 When should I use remote method invocation?

  Here's a few rules of thumb :

   * When you wish to execute code on remote systems
     (distributed systems)
   * When you have a network that has machines capable of
     supporting JVMs on all machines you would wish to
     connect to RMI
   * When you don't want your RMI applications to be used
     from machines that don't support JVMs, or from
     applications written in C++/Ada/Cobol/Fortran/
     [insert non-java lang here]

  4.3 Why can't I access RMI from C++?

  Remote method invocation allows method signatures to
  contain Java objects, and C++ isn't capable of executing
  Java bytecode. If your RMI system only used primitive data
  types, you might be able to write a software bridge
  between the two - but this isn't direct remote method
  invocation. You'd be better off investigating CORBA.

  4.4 Why won't my RMI implementation compile under JDK1.1?

  Under JDK1.02, RMI implementations extend
  java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteServer. This changed in JDK1.1 -
  you should now extend java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject.

  4.5 Why won't my RMI implementation run under Java 2?

  If you're running the client or server with Java 2, then you'll
  need to specify a security policy file, to prevent
  SecurityExceptions being thrown. This policy file will allow
  your application to bind to a local port (if a service), and
  to connect to remote hosts (if a client).

  The following changes should be made when running the
  cilent/server :

    java -Djava.security.policy=java.policy yourserver

  You'll also need to create a policy file (if one does not
  already exist). Here's a sample policy file that will allow
  you to accept conections from ports higher than 1024, but
  connect to all ports as a client.

    grant {
      permission java.net.SocketPermission "*:1024-65535",
          "connect,accept,resolve";
      permission java.net.SocketPermission "*:1-1023",
           "connect,resolve";
    };

5. Common Object Request Broker Architecture

  5.1 What is CORBA?

  CORBA stands for Common Object Request Broker Architecture.
  CORBA is a mechanism that allows applications to invoke
  object methods that will execute on remote systems. CORBA
  isn't limited to any single platform, or language. CORBA
  systems are written in C++, Ada, Java, and other
  languages. This makes it more interoperable than remote
  procedure calls and remote method invocation.

  5.2 When should I use CORBA?

  Here's a few rules of thumb :

   * When you wish to use services that are running on remote
     machines (distributed systems)
   * When you have a heterogeneous networking environment,
     containing systems that aren't capable of supporting
     JVMs because a port is not yet available
   * When you want your applications to be accessed by other
     systems written in C, C++, Ada, Cobol, and other
     languages (including Java)

  5.3 What support does Java have for CORBA?

  Third party class libraries allow you to write CORBA
  application clients and services in earlier versions of
  Java, but support for CORBA is also included with the
  newly released Java 2 Platform. Clients and services can be
  written (though an extra download of the idltojava tool
  is required).

  For more information on Java IDL, see the article
  "Java and CORBA - a smooth blend", available from :
  http://www.javacoffeebreak.com/articles/javaidl/javaidl.html

  5.4 How do I start the CORBA nameservice for Java 2?

  The nameservice can be started by running the tnameserv
  command, which should be located in your Java 2 binaries
  directory. Remember however that this service will run
  continuously, so you'll need to run it in a separate
  console window.

6. Java Servlets

  6.1 What are servlets?

  Servlets are server-side Java applications, as opposed to
  client-side applets or standalone applications. While
  servlets are compatible with many different types of servers,
  typically they are used in web servers, as a replacement for
  CGI scripts or Active-Server Pages (ASP).

  Java servlets offer many advantages over other forms of
  server-side processing. Apart from the obvious (they are
  written in the Java programming language, a big plus after
  all), servlet based applications are far easier to write
  than CGI scripts. There's no need to write code for parsing
  HTTP request parameters, as this code is provided by the
  javax.servlet.http package. You have access to the entire
  Java API, with no networking restrictions (making servlets
  far more attractive than applets). There are also performance
  increases over CGI scripts, as servlets persist over time,
  and do not create a new process for every connection.

  6.2 What do I need to develop servlets?

  To develop servlets, you need a basic familiarity with Java
  I/O streams, HTML, and the HyperText-Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
  You'll also need to download the Java Servlet Development Kit
  (JSDK) which is freely available from Sun Microsystems. Finally,
  you'll need a web-server that supports servlets, or a servlet
  engine which augments your server's capability.

  6.3 Where can I get more information on servlets?

  Gamelan's TechFocus recently published a two-part introductory
  tutorial on servlets, which I can highly recommend. For more
  information see http://www.gamelan.com/journal/techworkshop/

  I also highly recommend the book, Developing Java Servlets, by
  James Goodwill. The publisher is Sams, and the ISBN is 0672316005
  For more information, see
  http://www.davidreilly.com/goto.cgi?isbn=0672316005

  6.4 How does servlet performance compare to applets?

  Client-side Java has been dogged by performance problems due to
  slow loading times, older JVMs without JIT compilation, and
  inefficient coding. Applets have gained a reputation of poor
  performance, which often gives Java itself a bad name.
  Server-side Java, however, doesn't suffer from the same
  performance problems. The speed of execution is much better, as
  the server administrator can install more recent JVMs (some of
  which are optimized for server-side processing). The load time
  is virtually instantaneous, as there is no network latency to
  contend with. You're also in a better position regarding
  security restrictions - servlets can establish network
  connections without the sandbox problems that plague
  unsigned applets. 

  6.5 How does servlet performance compare to CGI?

  Servlet performance is often far superior to CGI. Rather than
  forking a new process for each request, a pool of threads can
  be used to execute servlet requests. Servlets persist across
  connections, so there's no need to perform initialization
  tasks repeatedly. This, when coupled with a fast JVM and
  servlet engine, can offer better performance than CGI.

  6.6 Should I use single-threaded, or multi-threaded
      servlets?

  By default, servlets are multi-threaded. If you specifically
  require a single-threaded servlet, you should implement the
  javax.servlet.SingleThreadModel interface. This guarantees
  that no two threads will be operating on the same instance
  of the servlet, but still allows concurrent execution of
  the servlet. The servlet engine will maintain a pool of
  available threads, and create new instances of the servlet
  as required. This can cause performance problems however,
  and should be used sparingly except on low-traffic servers.

  6.7 How do I send cookies from a servlet?
  
  HTTP is a stateless protocol, which makes tracking user actions
  difficult. One solution is to use a cookie, which is a small
  piece of data sent by a web browser every time it requests a page
  from a particular site. Servlets, and CGI scripts, can send cookies
  when a HTTP request is made - though as always, there is no
  guarantee the browser will accept it.
  
  Cookies are represented by the javax.servlet.http.Cookie class.
  Cookie has a single constructor, which takes two strings (a key and
  a value).
  
  // Create a new cookie
  Cookie cookie = new Cookie ("counter", "1");
  
  Adding a cookie to a browser is easy. Cookies are sent as part of a
  HTTPServletResponse, using the addCookie( Cookie ) method. You can
  call this method multiple times, but remember that most browsers
  impose a limit of ten cookies, and 4096 bytes of data per hostname.
  
  public void doGet (HttpServletRequest request,
                     HttpServletResponse response)
                     throws IOException
  {
        response.addCookie(new Cookie("cookie_name", "cookie_value"));
  }
  
  6.8 How do I read browser cookies from a servlet?
  
  Reading cookies from a servlet is quite easy. You can gain access
  to any cookies sent by the browser from the
  javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest passed to the servlet's
  doGet, doPost, etc methods. HttpServletResponse offers a method,
  Cookies[] getCookies() which returns an array of Cookie objects.
  However, if no cookies are available, this value may be null, so be
  sure to check before accessing any array elements.
  
  // Check for cookies
  Cookie[] cookie_jar = request.getCookies();

  // Check to see if any cookies exists
  if (cookie_jar != null)
  {
        for (int i =0; i< cookies.length; i++)
        {
                Cookie aCookie = cookie_jar[i];
                pout.println ("Name : " + aCookie.getName());
                pout.println ("Value: " + aCookie.getValue());
        }
  }
  
  6.9 How do I make cookies expire after a set time period?
  
  Depending on how you use the data stored in a cookie, it is
  sometimes a good idea to make the cookie expire. Since anyone
  using the browser will have the cookie sent on their behalf, it
  may appear to be a legitimate user when in actual fact it is not.
  This often happens in places like Internet cafes, school or
  university computing labs, or libraries. If your cookie sends
  a user identifier that facilitates access to sensitive data, or
  allows changes to be made (for example, a web-based email service),
  then you should expire cookies after a small time period. If the
  user keeps using your servlet, you always have the option of
  resending the cookie with a longer duration.
  
  To specify an expiration time, you can use the setMaxTime(int)
  method of javax.servlet.http.Cookie. It takes as a parameter the
  number of seconds before the cookie will expire. For example,
  for a five minute expiration, we would do the following :-
  
  // Create a new cookie for userID from a fictitious
  // method called getUserID
  Cookie cookie = new Cookie ("userID", getUserID());

  // Expire the cookie in five minutes (5 * 60)
  cookie.setMaxTime( 300 );
  
  When the cookie is sent back to the browser, using
  HttpServletResponse.addCookie(Cookie), it will only be returned
  by the browser until the expiration date occurs. If you'd
  prefer, you can also specify a negative value for setMaxTime(int),
  and the cookie will expire as soon as the browser exits. Note
  however that not everyone will shutdown their browser, and it
  might be available for minutes, hours even days. Finally,
  specifying a value of zero will expire the cookie instantly.
  
  6.10 Why aren't cookies stored by my servlets accessible to my
       CGI scripts or ASP pages?
          
  By default, cookies are accessible to every HTTP request for
  the current directory, and any subdirectories. Now on most web
  servers and servlet engines, servlets are located in a special
  directory. For example, when using servletrunner (which ships
  with the Java Servlet Development Kit), servlets must be invoked
  under the /servlet/ directory.
  
  eg http://webserver/servlet/servletname
  
  If you want your cookies to be accessible elsewhere, you must
  specify the root path of your webserver, using the
  javax.servlet.Cookie.setPath( String ) method.
  
  // Create a cookie for everyone to share
  Cookie myCookie = new Cookie ("counter", "1");

  // Set path for cookie
  myCookie.setPath( "/" );
  
  Once you've set the path, any script (for example, stored in
  /cgi-bin/) can access the cookies stored by your servlets.

  6.11 How can I void a cookie, and delete it from the browser?

  You can specify an expiration date, using the setMaxTime(int)
  method of javax.servlet.http.Cookie. Specifying a expiration
  time of zero will void the cookie, and delete it from the browser.

   // Expire the cookie immediately
   cookie.setMaxTime( 0 );

   // Send cookie back to the browser to void it
   response.addCookie(cookie);

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Copyright 1998, 1999 David Reilly. All Rights Reserved.

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